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Friday, October 11, 2024 , ,
Bentley Seequent PLAXIS 2D and 3D Ultimate 2024.2.0.1144 [Size: 4.01 GB] ... PLAXIS 2D is a user-friendly, finite-element package that provides you with the ability to model diverse geotechnical problems from a single, integrated application. You can analyze the deformation and stability of projects ranging from excavations, embankments, and foundations to tunneling, mining, and geomechanics.

Complex 2D Geotechnical Analysis: Use the industry standard of limit equilibrium and finite element software for geotechnical analysis and benefit from innovative and state-of-the-art modeling capabilities. Geotechnical Information Integration: Integrate OpenGround data, topography, and engineered constructions using PLAXIS Designer's conceptual modeling tools and increase your efficiency in preparing 2D and 3D analysis models.

Conduct Dynamic Analysis: Conduct dynamic analysis to analyze the effects of man-made or natural seismic vibration in soil or structures. Access Fully Coupled Flow-deformation Analysis: Assess the impact of precipitation or seasonal variations of water level on factor of safety through fully coupled flow-deformation analysis. More Efficiency within Software: Gain a competitive edge and rely on automated model build-up, results extraction, and reporting with command line or Python scripting.

PLAXIS 3D is a user-friendly, finite element package with trusted computation that is used by geotechnical engineers globally. PLAXIS 3D offers CAD-like drawing capabilities to help with the analysis of subsurface environments for geoengineering projects. From excavations, embankments, foundations, tunneling, and mining, to reservoir geomechanics, users can determine the deformation and stability of geotechnical engineering and rock mechanics to assess the geotechnical risk.

Reliably solve infrastructure challenges: Easily generate and scale construction sequences for excavations of any complexity. Facilitate steady-state groundwater flow calculations, including flow-related material parameters, boundary conditions, drains, and wells. Use interfaces and embedded pile elements to model movement between soil and foundation, such as slipping and gapping. Get trustworthy results with realistic soil models and a complete portfolio of visualization abilities. Create FE models quickly and efficiently: This comprehensive solution for the design and analysis of soils, rocks, and associated structures makes it easy to model in full 3D. Drawing tools, such as extrude, intersect, combine, and array operations facilitate finite element modeling, while multicore calculations and a 64-bit kernel can handle simple and complex models. Create safer infrastructures with fully-optimized designs.

Get realistic assessments of stresses and displacement: To meet the unique geotechnical challenges of soil structure interactions, PLAXIS 3D offers different calculation types, such as plastic, consolidation, and safety analysis. A range of material models for predicting the behavior of various soils and rock types, combined with robust calculations, helps ensure reliable results. Display these forces in various ways, and use cross-section applications to inspect certain areas in greater detail. Drive efficiency with multidiscipline workflows: Create logical geotechnical digital workflows that take projects from subsurface imports through design and analysis to various outputs.
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Thursday, October 03, 2024 , ,
Bentley Seequent GeoStudio 2024.2.1 [Size: 911 MB] ... GeoStudio is a product suite for geotechnical and geo-environmental modeling, broad enough to handle all your modeling needs. 

The suite consists of 8 products: SLOPE/W for slope stability; SEEP/W for groundwater seepage; SIGMA/W for stress-deformation; QUAKE/W for dynamic earthquake; TEMP/W for geothermal; CTRAN/W for contaminant transport; AIR/W for air flow; VADOSE/W for vadose zone & covers.

GeoStudio 2D (SLOPE/W) offers the foundational capability to perform Limit Equilibrium slope stability analysis for soil and rock. GeoStudio 2D offers a comprehensive list of features, including: Rigorous formulation of limit equilibria. + 13 analysis methods, including Morgenstern-Price and Spencer. + Various slip surface search techniques including Entry-Exit, Grid and Radius, and Cuckoo. + Rigorous algorithm for solving nonlinear equations to calculate the safety coefficient. + Definition of pore water pressure with piezometric lines, spatial functions, Ru and B-bar. + Probabilistic and sensitivity analysis capabilities. + Partial factor, staged pseudostatic, and staged rapid decay formulations. + Complete library of material models for soil and rock. + Functions of reinforcement, overload and earthquake loads. + Supplier reinforcements library with products from Huesker, Maccaferri, TenCate and Tensar. + Limit state design support according to the Eurocode or for design by load resistance coefficients.

GeoStudio 2D Ultimate (SLOPE/W + SEEP/W + SIGMA/W + QUAKE/W) expands the capability of the GeoStudio 2D with functionality to deal with the most challenging geotechnical projects. It includes features to analyse static and dynamic stress and deformation within soil or rock, coupled consolidation, and finite element stability methods.
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Sunday, May 12, 2024 , ,
Joseph E. Bowles ... 1024 pages - Language: English - Publisher: McGraw-Hill; 5th Edition (September, 1995).

The revision of this best-selling text for a junior/senior course in Foundation Analysis and Design now includes an IBM computer disk containing 16 compiled programs together with the data sets used to produce the output sheets, as well as new material on sloping ground, pile and pile group analysis, and procedures for an improved anlysis of lateral piles. Bearing capacity analysis has been substantially revised for footings with horizontal as well as vertical loads. Footing design for overturning now incorporates the use of the same uniform linear pressure concept used in ascertaining the bearing capacity. Increased emphasis is placed on geotextiles for retaining walls and soil nailing.
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Saturday, May 04, 2024 , , ,
MATLAB R2024b v24.2.0.2712019 x64 [Size: 12.530 GB] ... MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
 
Typical uses include: Math and computation + Algorithm development + Modeling, simulation, and prototyping + Data analysis, exploration, and visualization + Scientific and engineering graphics + Application development, including + Graphical User Interface building. MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar noninteractive language such as C or Fortran. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects, which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation. 

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis. MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.
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Saturday, September 23, 2023 ,
The basic unit of this type of clay is formed by atomic bond of the unsatisfied face of silica sheet and either face of aluminum sheet as seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Kaolinite clay formation
The bond between two sheets is strong and, also, it is the primary bond. However, the stack of two sheets (with thickness 7.2 Ã… [Angstrom]) is not a form of clay yet. Many layers of this basic kaolinite unit make a kaolinite clay particle. Figure 3.3 shows an electron photomicrograph of well-crystallized kaolinite clay particles.

Figure 2. Electron photomicrograph of kaolinite clay
From the picture, it can be estimated that the diameter of a particle is about 5 μm, and the thickness of the particle is about one-tenth of that (i.e., 0.5 μm). Thus, it is required to have about 700 layers of the basic unit to make a kaolinite clay particle in the picture. The bond between each basic silica and aluminum sheet unit is the one between exposed OH- and satisfied O2- and is called a hydrogen bond. This bond is not as strong as the previous atomic bond (primary bond) but much stronger than the bond between exposed O2- and O2- in case of montmorillonite clay, which will be discussed later. Hydrogen bond is categorized as a primary bond in many literatures, but it shall be noted that this is a marginally strong bond. Because of its nature of bonds within the kaolinite particle, this clay is rather stable, has less swelling and shrinking characteristics, and is less problematic.
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Monday, September 18, 2023 , ,
Bashir Ahmed Mir ... 663 pages - Language: English - Publisher: ‎CRC Press; (October, 2021).

Manual of Geotechnical Laboratory Soil Testing covers the physical, index, and engineering properties of soils, including compaction characteristics (optimum moisture content), permeability (coefficient of hydraulic conductivity), compressibility characteristics, and shear strength (cohesion intercept and angle of internal friction). Further, this manual covers data collection, analysis, computations, additional considerations, sources of error, precautionary measures, and the presentation results along with well-defined illustrations for each of the listed tests. Each test is based on relevant standards with pertinent references, broadly aimed at geotechnical design applications.

Features: Provides fundamental coverage of elementary-level laboratory characterization of soils + Describes objectives, basic concepts, general understanding, and appreciation of the geotechnical principles for determination of physical, index, and engineering properties of soil materials + Presents the step-by-step procedures for various tests based on relevant standards + Interprets soil analytical data and illustrates empirical relationship between various soil properties + Includes observation data sheet and analysis, results and discussions, and applications of test results + This manual is aimed at undergraduates, senior undergraduates, and researchers in geotechnical and civil engineering.
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Saturday, September 16, 2023 ,
The water content w, also called the moisture content, is defined as the ratio of weight of water Ww to the weight of solids (Ws or Wd) in a given mass of soil.

Equation 1. Natural water content expressed by weights
The water content is generally expressed as a percentage. However, when used in the formulae giving relationship between certain quantities, it may also be expressed as a fraction. Rewriting Eq. 1, we have Eq. 2.

Equation 2. Water content as a fraction
The usual procedure to find the natural water content is to take a mass of about 20 g to 30 g of soil sample in a container and determine its mass M very accurately. The soil sample is then kept in an oven (105°C–110°C) for about 24 hours so that it becomes perfectly dry. Its dry mass Md is then determined and the water content is calculated from the relation,

Equation 3. Natural water content expressed by masses
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Saturday, September 16, 2023 ,
Clay needs special attention because of its small particle size. As discussed in the grain size distribution section, soils with their particle diameters less than 5 μm (2 μm in some classification systems) are classified as clay or clay-size particles. In such a small size, electrical interactive forces become more significant as compared to the physical frictional interactive forces in the case of larger grain soils (sand and gravel).

To understand various unique engineering behaviors of clay, it is most beneficial to study microstructures of clay particles first. The microstructural observation greatly helps to understand macrobehavior.

Figure 1.  Silica and aluminum sheets
In nature, basically there are three types of clay minerals-namely, kaolinite clay, illite clay, and montmorillonite clay. These clays have different atomic structures and behave differently and are all made of two basic atomic sheets- namely, silica tetrahedral sheets and aluminum octahedron sheets, as seen in Figure 1. Naturally abundant atom silica (Si) and aluminum atom (Al) occupy the center positions of the sheets, and oxygen atom (O2-) and hydroxyl (OH-) are strongly bonded to those core atoms, respectively. These bonds are either ionic or covalent, and actual bonds in silica and aluminum sheets are combinations of these two types of bonds.

Note that the ionic bond is due to exchange of orbiting electrons of two atoms such as Na+ (sodium ion) and Cl- (chlorine ion) to make NaCl (sodium chloride = salt), and the covalent bond is due to sharing electrons in their orbits such as two H+ (hydrogen ions) to form H2 (hydrogen gas). These atomic bonds are very strong and can never be broken by ordinary physical forces. They are called the primary bonds.

A silica tetrahedral sheet is symbolized with a trapezoid, of which the shorter face holds electrically unsatisfied oxygen atoms and the longer face holds electrically satisfied oxygen atoms. An aluminum octahedron sheet is symbolized with a rectangle with top and bottom faces having the same characteristics of exposed hydroxyl (OH-).

In most instances in nature, sheets are further bonded together, basically due to the unsatisfied face of a silica sheet to form various clay minerals.
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Saturday, September 16, 2023 ,
Specific gravity G (or Gs) is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of soil solids at a given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature, both weights being taken in air. In other words, it is the ratio of the unit weight of soil solids to that of water.

Equation 1: G = γs/γw

γw is the unit weight of water and is 9.81 kN/m3 or 62.4 lb/ft3. The Geotechnical Standard specifies 20°C as the standard temperature for reporting the specific gravity.

Some qualifying words like: true, absolute, apparent, bulk or mass, etc., are sometimes added to the term ‘specific gravity’. These qualifying words modify the sense of specific gravity as to whether it refers to soil particles or to soil mass. The soil solids have permeable and impermeable voids inside them, the permeable voids being capable of getting filled with water. If all the internal voids of soil particles (permeable and impermeable) are excluded for determining the true volume of solids, the specific gravity obtained is called absolute or true specific gravity. The apparent or mass or bulk specific gravity Gm denotes the specific gravity of soil mass and is given by

Equation 2: Gm = γ/γw

Unless otherwise specified, we shall denote the Specific Gravity G (or Gs) (defined by Eq. 1) as the specific gravity of soil solids. Table 1 gives the values of specific gravity of some important soil constituents.

Table 1. Specific gravity of soil constituents
Most soils have a rather narrow range of Gs values: 2.65 to 2.70. This implies that solid particle is about 2.65 to 2.70 times heavier than the weight of water for the same volume. If a specific gravity test was not performed during the initial evaluation of geotechnical engineering problems, assuming Gs as a value between 2.65 or 2.70 would not produce a major error in the results.
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